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Kucheng Massacre (Chinese: 古田教案; Pinyin: Gǔtián Jiào'àn; Foochow Romanized: Kŭ-chèng Gáu-áng) was a great massacre of Western Christians that took place at Gutian, Fujian, China on August 1, 1895. At dawn of that day, Vegetarian rebels in Gutian (also known as "Kucheng") made a carefully arranged attack upon British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses. Kucheng Massacre is considered one of the worst outrages against foreigners in China prior to the Boxer Movement in 1899-1901, the only comparable event in China's missonary history being the Tianjin Massacre in 1871[1].
Contents |
Background
The secret sect of Vegetarian (Chinese: 斋会; Pinyin: Zhāihùi) in Gutian was set up in 1892. Within three years' time, the number increased to more than three thousand, most of which were deprived people drawn from the bottom of society. Dissatisfied with the reality, they banded themselves against the Qing government and for some time caused great uneasiness both to the governing authorities and to missionaries. In 1895, the humiliating defeat of China during the Jiawu War apparently fermented their fury and led to their brutal outrage against foreigners. The last letter from the murdered English missionary Robert Warren Stewart, dated April 8, describes the critical situation of affairs at Gutian[2]:
| “ | Ten days ago we were awakened at 4 o'clock in the morning by a native clergyman who crossed the river in order to bring us the startling news that the Vegetarian rebels were expected at daylight to storm Ku-Cheng. The gateways of the city were being blocked with timber and stone in order to prevent their entry. We had 100 men, women and children in our compound outside the town. We passed a terrible time of suspense until daybreak, when torrents of rain fell, and the Vegetarians, not liking the rain, postponed the attack. All the mission party started to get inside of Ku-Cheng. The male and female staffs, in the early morning, after crossing the river in small parties in a tiny boat, reached Kueseng wall, which was blocked and had to be scaled with ladders. During the three following days bodies of citizens guarded the walls, armed with prongs and rusty swords. On the fourth day the gates were opened and the mandarin in command conferred with the Vegetarian leaders. What occurred during this interview we do not know. But nobody believes we have seen the end of this matter. Such a serious affair cannot be so easily patched up and is probably only begun... All the women and children on the advice of the American and British consuls, will be sent to the coast. The opinion prevails that if the Japo-Chinese treaty is arranged soldiers will be sent from Fu-Chow to arrest the leaders of the rebels. But, if it is not arranged, then the Vegetarians will increase sufficiently to make the rising a success. | ” |
Events
On August 1, 1895, at the time of the initial outbreak, the family of Robert W. Stewart and the other ladies were still asleep in their hill village at Gutian Huashan (华山). Entirely without provocation, the Vegetarian mob broke in, speared the victims to death, and burnt down the houses. Only five persons survived the attack, two of whom were Mr. Stewart's children: one had one knee broken, and the other, a baby, had an eye gouged out. Those murdered at Huashan were[3]:
| Robert Warren Stewart | Ireland | Church Missionary Society |
| Louisa Kathleen Stewart | Ireland | Church Missionary Society |
| Herbert Stewart | Ireland | (five years old) |
| Hilda Sylvia Stewart | Ireland | (baby) |
| Helena Yellop | Ireland | (children's nurse) |
| Marry Ann Christina Gordon | Australia | Church of England Zenana Missionary Society |
| Elsie Marshall | England | Church of England Zenana Missionary Society |
| Hessie Newcombe | Ireland | Church of England Zenana Missionary Society |
| Elizabeth Maud Saunders | Australia | Church Missionary Society |
| Harriette Elinor Sounders | Australia | Church Missionary Society |
| Flora Lucy Stewart | England | Church of England Zenana Missionary Society |
Aftermath
The Qing government had suppressed the news for three days before an official telegraph was sent out from Shanghai on August 4. Western countries strongly condemned China for its connivance with the brutality and indignantly urged the guilty be punished. Under the pressure of foreign military force, the Qing government appointed a Commission of Enquiry consisting of both Chinese officials and British diplomats. All principals were soon executed, and other accessories were either banished or sentenced to life imprisonment. The supervisor of Gutian county Wang Rulin (王汝霖) was also dismissed from office.
Stephen Livingston Baldwin, Secretary of the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society in China, commented on the massacre in an interview from New York Times[4]:
| “ | I do not know the cause of the riot. It is only a matter of conjecture. It was a local affair, and of no general significance, and was occasioned by some evil-disposed persons. Another element that entered into it is the disturbed feeling in the country owing to the Japanese victories. There is a general feeling of unrest. | ” |
The bodies of the victims were buried at the mission cemetery of Fuzhou.
Footnotes
- ^ Ian Welch (2006). "Letters and Press Reports Relating to the Massacre of Eleven British Missionaries at Huashan, Fujian Province, China, 1 August 1895".
- ^ The Brooklyn Eagle, Brooklyn, New York, August 5, 1895
- ^ Maggillivray, Donald, (1907): A Century of Protestant Mission in China (1807-1907), Shanghai, American Presbyterian Mission Press
- ^ The New York Times Company (1895-08-04). "Victims Were Tortured".
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